![]() For information on reprint and reuse permissions, please visit The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial purposes. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited linking directly to this product page is encouraged. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. RAND reports present research findings and objective analysis that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. This report is part of the RAND Corporation Research report series. This research was sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense and conducted within the International Security and Defense Policy Center of the RAND National Security Research Division (NSRD). Denial-by-defense strategies are thus likely to be the most effective but may be difficult to design effectively if the method underlying the attacks is poorly understood. Without certainty about who is conducting the actions, strategies that rely on threats of punishment, normative taboos, or rallying of international condemnation are largely ineffective. The core finding is that few of the standard response options are effective against these types of threats. In addition to Havana Syndrome, the authors explore the SolarWinds cyberattack, in which hackers linked to Russian intelligence conducted a massive cyberattack against American companies and government agencies, and the Chinese Communist Party's connections to organized crime syndicates around the world. This report explores the applicability of existing concepts for deterrence and compellence using brief case studies. Department of State personnel stationed in Cuba in late 2016 - illustrates the challenge of mustering a response to a national security threat when the threat, the underlying method, and the actor behind the threat are not understood with certainty. Thus, you could also express the durations in frames and set them to 18-42 frames (at 60 Hz) instead of 300-700 ms if precise timing is important.The mystery surrounding the so-called Havana Syndrome - an unexplained illness first experienced by U.S. For example, 510 ms would never be shown. If your monitor uses the common 60 Hz, one frame will be 1/60*1000 = 16.66 ms long, and your fixation crosses will be 300, 316.66, …, 667.66, 700 ms long. Please also note that the actual presentation time of your stimuli is always a multiple of the duration of one frame. ![]() This might be useful in your paradigm as well. Please note that I set the stimulus component to begin right after the random fixation cross by setting its start to “condition” and fix.status=FINISHED. Here’s a working minimum example: random_fix_cross_duration.psyexp (8.5 KB) I’ve added it in the first post for other people to find immediately. Because of the way PsychoPy imports the random functions from numpy, it was necessary to use np.random.uniform(fixDurMin, fixDurMax). Your routine looks correct to me now, and I think I found the cause of the problem. Optional: Set “Expected duration (s)” to the average of your minimum and maximum duration, i.e., 0.5 in the example case, to see the estimated (!) fixation cross duration in your routine.Now PsychoPy will use your randomly generated variable instead of a fixed time. In the text component for your fixation cross, which needs to be below the code component, set the “Stop” section to “duration (s)” and use:.ThisExp.addData('fixation_duration',fixDur) # document the duration in your logfile For example, use:įixDur = np.random.uniform(fixDurMin, fixDurMax) # random between minimum and maximum In the “Begin Experiment” tab, define the minimum and maximum duration of your fixation cross in seconds.Include a code component in your trial routine (on the right side, click Custom/Code).Are you using Builder? If so, you could do the following: ![]()
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